Curved liquid crystal display

ABSTRACT

A curved liquid crystal display including a first curved substrate; a second curved substrate; a liquid crystal layer including liquid crystal molecules having negative dielectric anisotropy, the liquid crystal layer being interposed between the first and second curved substrates; a first curved liquid crystal alignment layer interposed between the liquid crystal layer and the first curved substrate; and a second curved liquid crystal alignment layer interposed between the liquid crystal layer and the second curved substrate. The second curved liquid crystal alignment layer has an average value of surface roughness values greater than an average value of surface roughness values of the first curved liquid crystal alignment layer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/863,061, filed on Sep. 23, 2015, and claims priority from and thebenefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2014-0177437, filed on Dec.10, 2014, and Korean Patent Application No. 10-2015-0041480, filed onMar. 25, 2015, which are hereby incorporated by reference for allpurposes as if fully set forth herein.

BACKGROUND

Field

Exemplary embodiments relate to a curved liquid crystal display.

Discussion of the Background

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are one of the most widely adopted typesof flat panel displays. Generally, an LCD includes a pair of displaypanels having electric field generating electrodes, such as pixelelectrodes and a common electrode, and a liquid crystal layer interposedbetween the display panels.

The LCD generates an electric field in the liquid crystal layer byapplying voltages to the electric field generating electrodes.Accordingly, the alignment of liquid crystals of the liquid crystallayer is determined based on the generated electric field, andpolarization of incident light is controlled by the alignment of liquidcrystals. As a result, an image is displayed on the LCD display.

As LCDs are used as displays for television receivers, their screens arebecoming larger in size. As the size of the LCDs increases, a viewingangle may greatly differ depending on whether a viewer watches thecentral part of the screen or both ends of the screen.

In order to compensate for this viewing angle difference, LCDs may becurved (concave or convex). From the perspective of a viewer, LCDs maybe classified into portrait-type LCDs whose vertical length is longerthan their horizontal length and are curved in a vertical direction, andlandscape-type LCDs whose vertical length is shorter than theirhorizontal length and are curved in a horizontal direction.

The above information disclosed in this Background section is only forenhancement of understanding of the background of the inventive concept,and, therefore, it may contain information that does not form the priorart that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skillin the art.

SUMMARY

Exemplary embodiments provide a curved liquid crystal display havingimproved light transmittance.

Additional aspects will be set forth in the detailed description whichfollows, and, in part, will be apparent from the disclosure, or may belearned by practice of the inventive concept.

An exemplary embodiment discloses a curved liquid crystal displayincluding: a first curved substrate; a second curved substrate; a liquidcrystal layer including liquid crystal molecules having negativedielectric anisotropy, the liquid crystal layer being interposed betweenthe first curved substrate and the second curved substrate; a firstcurved liquid crystal alignment layer interposed between the liquidcrystal layer and the first curved substrate; and a second curved liquidcrystal alignment layer interposed between the liquid crystal layer andthe second curved substrate. The first curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer includes protrusions protruded toward the second curved liquidcrystal alignment layer. The second curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer includes protrusions protruded toward the first curved liquidcrystal alignment layer. An average number of the protrusions on thesecond curved liquid crystal alignment layer is greater than an averagenumber of protrusions on the first curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer.

An exemplary embodiment also discloses a curved liquid crystal displayincluding: a first curved substrate; a second curved substrate; a liquidcrystal layer including liquid crystal molecules having negativedielectric anisotropy, the liquid crystal layer being interposed betweenthe first curved substrate and the second curved substrate; a firstcurved liquid crystal alignment layer interposed between the liquidcrystal layer and the first curved substrate; and a second curved liquidcrystal alignment layer which has an average value of surface roughnessvalues greater than an average value of surface roughness values of thefirst curved liquid crystal alignment layer, the second curved liquidcrystal alignment layer being interposed between the liquid crystallayer and the second curved substrate.

An exemplary embodiment further discloses a curved liquid crystaldisplay including: a first curved substrate; a second curved substrate;a first curved liquid crystal alignment layer interposed between thefirst curved substrate and the second curved substrate; a second curvedliquid crystal alignment layer interposed between the first curvedliquid crystal alignment layer and the second curved substrate; and aliquid crystal layer including a first liquid crystal molecule and asecond liquid crystal molecule, the first liquid crystal molecule havingnegative dielectric anisotropy and aligned on a surface of the firstcurved liquid crystal alignment layer, the second liquid crystalmolecule having negative dielectric anisotropy and aligned on a surfaceof the second curved liquid crystal alignment layer, the second liquidcrystal molecule having a pre-tilt angle less than a pre-tilt angle ofthe first liquid crystal molecule in a state where no electric field isapplied to the liquid crystal layer. The liquid crystal layer isinterposed between the first curved liquid crystal alignment layer andthe second curved liquid crystal alignment layer.

An exemplary embodiment also discloses a curved liquid crystal displayincluding: a first curved substrate; a second curved substrate; a liquidcrystal layer including liquid crystal molecules, the liquid crystallayer being interposed between the first curved substrate and the secondcurved substrate; a first curved liquid crystal alignment layerinterposed between the liquid crystal layer and the first curvedsubstrate; and a second curved liquid crystal alignment layer interposedbetween the liquid crystal layer and the second curved substrate, thesecond curved liquid crystal alignment layer including a stabilizerconfigured to stabilize an alignment direction of a liquid crystalmolecule located within a distance from the second curved liquid crystalalignment layer.

One or more exemplary embodiments provides a curved liquid crystaldisplay having improved light transmittance.

The foregoing general description and the following detailed descriptionare exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide furtherexplanation of the claimed subject matter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a furtherunderstanding of the inventive concept, and are incorporated in andconstitute a part of this specification, illustrate exemplaryembodiments of the inventive concept, and, together with thedescription, serve to explain principles of the inventive concept.

FIG. 1 is a schematic exploded perspective diagram of a curved liquidcrystal display according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a schematic enlarged view of region II of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view taken along section lineIII-III′ of FIG.

FIG. 4 is an image of a surface of a first curved liquid crystalalignment layer of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is an image of a surface of a second curved liquid crystalalignment layer of FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 is an analytical graphical representation of an average value ofsurface roughness values of the first curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer of FIG. 3.

FIG. 7 is an analytical graphical representation of an average value ofsurface roughness values of the second curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer of FIG. 3.

FIG. 8, FIG. 9, FIG. 10, FIG. 11, FIG. 12, and FIG. 13 arecross-sectional views schematically illustrating a method of fabricatingthe curved liquid crystal display according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 14 is an image showing the distribution of light transmittance ofthe curved liquid crystal display.

FIG. 15 is an image showing the distribution of light transmittance of acurved liquid crystal display according to a first comparative example.

FIG. 16 is an image showing a surface of the first curved liquid crystalalignment layer of the curved liquid crystal display according to thefirst comparative example.

FIG. 17 is an image showing a surface of the second curved liquidcrystal alignment layer of the curved liquid crystal display accordingto the first comparative example.

FIG. 18 is an image showing the distribution of light transmittance of acurved liquid crystal display according to a second comparative example.

FIG. 19 illustrates the voltage holding ratio (VHR) measured by thecurved liquid crystal display of FIG. 3

FIG. 20 illustrates the voltage holding ratio (VHR) measured by a curvedliquid crystal display according to a third comparative example.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS

In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of various exemplary is embodiments. It is apparent,however, that various exemplary embodiments may be practiced withoutthese specific details or with one or more equivalent arrangements. Inother instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in blockdiagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring various exemplaryembodiments.

In the accompanying figures, the size and relative sizes of layers,films, panels, regions, etc., may be exaggerated for clarity anddescriptive purposes. Also, like reference numerals denote likeelements.

When an element or layer is referred to as being “on,” “connected to,”or “coupled to” another element or layer, it may be directly on,connected to, or coupled to the other element or layer or interveningelements or layers may be present. When, however, an element or layer isreferred to as being “directly on,” “directly connected to,” or“directly coupled to” another element or layer, there are no interveningelements or layers present. For the purposes of this disclosure, “atleast one of X, Y, and Z” and “at least one selected from the groupconsisting of “X, Y, and Z” may be construed as X only, Y only, Z only,or any combination of two or more of X, Y, and Z, such as, for instance,XYZ, XYY, YZ, and ZZ. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. Asused herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of oneor more of the associated listed items.

Although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describevarious elements, components, regions, layers, and/or sections, theseelements, components, regions, layers, and/or sections should not belimited by these terms. These terms are used to distinguish one element,component, region, layer, and/or section from another element,component, region, layer, and/or section. Thus, a first element,component, region, layer, and/or section discussed below could be termeda second element, component, region, layer, and/or section withoutdeparting from the teachings of the present disclosure.

Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,”“upper,” and the like, may be used herein for descriptive purposes, and,thereby, to describe one element or feature's relationship to anotherelement(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the drawings. Spatiallyrelative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of anapparatus in use, operation, and/or manufacture in addition to theorientation depicted in the drawings. For example, if the apparatus inthe drawings is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath”other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the otherelements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “below” can encompassboth an orientation of above and below. Furthermore, the apparatus maybe otherwise oriented (e.g., rotated 90 degrees or at otherorientations), and, as such, the spatially relative descriptors usedherein interpreted accordingly.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, thesingular forms, “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the pluralforms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Moreover,the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” and/or “including,”when used in this specification, specify the presence of statedfeatures, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/orgroups thereof, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one ormore other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components,and/or groups thereof.

Various exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference tosectional illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealizedexemplary embodiments and/or intermediate structures. As such,variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, forexample, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to beexpected. Thus, exemplary embodiments disclosed herein should not beconstrued as limited to the particular illustrated shapes of regions,but are to include deviations in shapes that result from, for instance,manufacturing. For example, an implanted region illustrated as arectangle will, typically, have rounded or curved features and/or agradient of implant concentration at its edges rather than a binarychange from implanted to non-implanted region. Likewise, a buried regionformed by implantation may result in some implantation in the regionbetween the buried region and the surface through which the implantationtakes place. Thus, the regions illustrated in the drawings are schematicin nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the actualshape of a region of a device and are not intended to be limiting.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientificterms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by oneof ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure is a part. Terms,such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should beinterpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning inthe context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in anidealized or overly formal sense, unless expressly so defined herein.

Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments will be described with reference tothe drawings.

FIG. 1 is a schematic exploded perspective diagram of a curved liquidcrystal display according to an exemplary embodiment. FIG. 2 is aschematic enlarged view of region II of FIG. 1.

Referring to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the curved liquid crystal display 500Caccording to an exemplary embodiment includes a first curved substrate100C, a second curved substrate 200C spaced apart from the first curvedsubstrate 100C and facing the first curved substrate 100C, and a liquidcrystal layer 300C interposed between the first curved substrate 100Cand the second curved substrate 200C.

Each of the first curved substrate 100C and the second curved substrate200C includes a display region DAC and a non-display region NDAC. Thedisplay region DAC is a region where an image is displayed and thenon-display region NDAC is a region where an image is not displayed. Aperimeter of the display region DAC may be surrounded by the non-displayregion NDAC.

A common electrode 110C may be interposed between the first curvedsubstrate 100C and the second curved substrate 200C, and may be apatternless electrode having no slit pattern. A pixel electrode 291C maybe interposed between the second curved substrate 200C and the commonelectrode 110C, and may be a patterned electrode having a slit pattern.

The liquid crystal layer 300C may be interposed between the commonelectrode 110C and the pixel electrode 291C. The liquid crystal layer300C may include liquid crystal molecules (LC) having negativedielectric anisotropy, but aspects are not limited as such. A firstcurved liquid crystal alignment layer AL1C may be interposed between thecommon electrode 110C and the liquid crystal layer 300C. A second curvedliquid crystal alignment layer AL2C may be interposed between the pixelelectrode 291C and the liquid crystal layer 300C.

The second curved substrate 200C may be a thin film transistorsubstrate. A plurality of gate lines GLC extending in a first directionand a plurality of data lines DLC extending in a second directionperpendicular to the first direction may be formed in the display regionDAC of the second curved substrate 200C. A pixel electrode 291C may bearranged in each pixel PXC, each defined by two of the gate lines GLCand two of the data lines DLC, respectively.

The pixel electrode 291C may include subpixel electrodes 291-1C and291-2C spaced apart from each other. For example, each of the subpixelelectrodes 291-1C and 291-2C may have a tetragonal shape overall. Eachof the subpixel electrodes 291-1C and 291-2C may be a patternedelectrode having a slit pattern. Specifically, the slit pattern mayinclude a stem part SC and a plurality of branch parts BC. The slitpattern may include a plurality of cut parts DC interposed between twoadjacent branch parts BC extending from the stem part SC. The stem partSC may be formed to have a cross (+) shape, and the branch part BC mayextend radially from the cross (+)-shaped stem part SC in anapproximately 45° direction.

The gate lines GLC may include gate electrodes 224-1C and 224-2Cprotruded in the second direction from the gate lines GLC toward thepixel electrode 291C. The plurality of data lines DLC may include sourceelectrodes 273-1C and 273-2C and drain electrodes 275-1C and 275-2C. Thesource electrodes 273-1C and 273-2C may be protruded from the data linesDLC and formed into a “U” shape. The drain electrodes 275-1C and 275-2Cmay be spaced apart from the source electrodes 273-1C and 273-2C.

The pixel electrode 291C may be provided with a data voltage through athin film transistor serving as a switching element. The gate electrodes224-1C and 224-2C serving as a control terminal of the thin filmtransistor may be electrically connected to the gate lines GLC, thesource electrodes 273-1C and 273-2C serving as an input terminal may beelectrically connected to the data lines DLC via contact holes 285-1C,285-2C, 285-3C and 285-4C, and the drain electrodes 275-1C and 275-2Cserving as an output terminal may be electrically connected to the pixelelectrodes 291C.

The pixel electrode 291C may cooperate with the common electrode 110C togenerate an electric field and control the alignment direction of theliquid crystal molecules LC of the liquid crystal layer 300C interposedbetween the pixel electrode 291C and the common electrode 110C. Thepixel electrode 291C may distort the electric field to control thealignment direction of first liquid crystal molecules LC1 and secondliquid crystal molecules LC2-1 and LC2-2 (see FIG. 3).

The thin film transistor substrate may include a structure in which abase substrate (not shown), gate electrodes 224-1C and 224-2C, a gateinsulation layer (not shown), a semiconductor layer (not shown), anohmic contact layer (not shown), source electrodes 273-1C and 273-2C,drain electrodes 275-1C and 275-2C, a passivation layer (not shown), anorganic layer (not shown) and the like are stacked. The base substratemay include at least one of glass and polymer or may be made of glass orpolymer.

A channel of the thin film transistor may be formed in a certain regionof a semiconductor layer (not shown). The semiconductor layer (notshown) may be arranged to be overlapped with the gate electrodes 224-1Cand 224-2C. Separate semiconductor layers may be arranged on the gateelectrodes 224-1C and 224-2C, respectively. The source electrodes 273-1Cand the drain electrodes 275-1C may be spaced apart from each other withrespect to the semiconductor layer overlapped with the gate electrode224-1C and form a channel in the semiconductor conductor layer disposedbetween the source electrodes 273-1C and the drain electrodes 275-1C.The source electrodes 273-2C and the drain electrodes 275-2C may also bespaced apart from each other with respect to the semiconductor layeroverlapped with the gate electrode 224-2C and form a channel in thesemiconductor layer disposed between the source electrodes 273-2C andthe drain electrodes 275-2C.

A sustain electrode line (SLC) may include a stem line 231C arrangedsubstantially in parallel with the plurality of gate lines GLC and aplurality of branch lines 235C extending from the stem line 231C. Thesustain electrode line SLC may be omitted, and may have a shape and anarrangement which can be variously modified.

The non-display region NDAC may be a peripheral part of the displayregion DAC and may be a light blocking region surrounding the displayregion DAC. A driving unit (not shown) which provides a gate drivingsignal, a data driving signal and the like to each pixel PXC of thedisplay region DAC may be disposed in the non-display region NDAC of thesecond curved substrate 200C. The gate lines GLC and the data lines DLCmay extend from the display region DAC to the non-display region NDACand may be electrically connected to the driving unit (not shown).

The first curved substrate 100C may face the second curved substrate200C. The common electrode 110C may be disposed on the second curvedsubstrate 200C.

A color filter layer (not shown) may be formed in a region correspondingto each pixel PXC in the display region DAC, and may include a red colorfilter R, a green color filter G, and a blue color filter B. The colorfilter layer (not shown) may be included in either the first curvedsubstrate 100C or the second curved substrate 200C. For example, if thefirst curved substrate 100C includes the color filter layer (not shown),the first curved substrate 100C may have a structure in which a basesubstrate (not shown), the color filter layer (not shown) and anovercoat layer (not shown) are stacked. The overcoat layer (not shown)may be a planarization layer covering the color filter layer (notshown). In this case, the common electrode 110C may be disposed on theovercoat layer (not shown). The base substrate may include at least oneof glass and polymer or may be made of glass or polymer.

If the second curved substrate 200C includes the color filter layer (notshown), the second curved substrate 200C may have a color filter onarray (COA) structure in which a color filter is formed on a transparentinsulation substrate on which a thin film transistor is formed. Forexample, the color filter layer (not shown) may be interposed between anorganic layer (not shown) and a passivation layer (not shown) coveringthe source electrodes 273-1C and 273-2C and the drain electrodes 275-1Cand 275-2C.

A light blocking pattern layer (not shown) may be disposed at boundariesamong the color filters R, G and B. The light blocking pattern layer(not shown) may be included in either the first curved substrate 100C orthe second curved substrate 200C. For example, the light blockingpattern layer (not shown) may be a black matrix.

A misalignment may occur between the first curved substrate 100C and thesecond curved substrate 200C due to the stress being applied to at leastone of a first flat substrate and a second flat substrate in the processof bending a flat liquid crystal display during a fabrication of thecurved liquid crystal display 500C. For example, in the process ofbending a flat liquid crystal display, the first curved substrate 100Cmay shift to the left or right side with respect to the second curvedsubstrate 200C. In this case, an alignment between the first curvedsubstrate 100C and the second curved substrate 200C may differ from apre-designed arrangement between the first flat substrate and the secondflat substrate. Such a misalignment between the first curved substrate100C and the second curved substrate 200C may cause degradation indisplay quality of the curved liquid crystal display 500C.

For example, if each of the first curved liquid crystal alignment layerAL1C and the second curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL2C includesa plurality of domains in which alignment directions of directors ofliquid crystal molecules are different from each other, misalignmentbetween a boundary between domains of first curved liquid crystalalignment layer AL1C and a boundary between domains of the second curvedliquid crystal alignment layer AL2C may cause interference or collisionof alignment directions of the first liquid crystal moleculestilt-aligned on a surface of the first curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer AL1C and the second liquid crystal molecules tilt-aligned on asurface of the second curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL2C in thedirection different from the direction of the first liquid crystalmolecules, with the result of a substantially vertical alignment ofliquid crystal molecules between the first liquid crystal molecules andsecond liquid crystal molecules, thereby forming a texture. The texturemay be seen as a spot defect or a dark portion in the display region DACof the curved liquid crystal display 500C, and may cause degradation oflight transmittance in the curved liquid crystal display 500C.

The curved liquid crystal display 500C according to an exemplaryembodiment will be described in more detail with reference to FIG. 3.FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view taken along line III-III′ ofFIG. 1. FIG. 3 schematically illustrates an alignment of liquid crystalmolecules LC1, LC2-1, and LC2-2 in an early state where no electricfield is applied to the curved liquid crystal display 500C.

Referring to FIG. 3, the first liquid crystal molecules LC1 may bealigned on the surface of the first curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer AL1C. The second liquid crystal molecules LC2-1 and LC2-2 may bealigned on the surface of the second curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer AL2C. The first liquid crystal molecules LC1 having a firstpre-tilt angle θ₁ may be relatively vertically aligned as compared withthe second liquid crystal molecules LC2-1 and LC2-2. The second liquidcrystal molecules LC2-1 and LC2-2 having a second pre-tilt angle θ₂ maybe relatively tilt-aligned as compared with the first liquid crystalmolecules LC1. The first pre-tilt angle θ₁ is larger than the secondpre-tilt angle θ₂ in the early state where no electric field is appliedto the curved liquid crystal display 500C.

For example, the curved liquid crystal display 500C according to anexemplary embodiment may have a radius of curvature R ranging from 2,000mm to 5,000 mm, and a difference (mθ₁-mθ₂) between an average value(mθ₁) of the first pre-tilt angle θ₁ and an average value (mθ₂) of thesecond pre-tilt angle θ₂ may be 0.5° to 1.5° in the early state where noelectric field is applied to the curved liquid crystal display 500C.When the radius of curvature R of the curved liquid crystal display 500Cranges from 2,000 mm to 5,000 mm, and when the difference (mθ₁-mθ₂)between the average value (mθ₁) of the first pre-tilt angle θ₁ and theaverage value (mθ₂) of the second pre-tilt angle θ₂ ranges from 0.5° to1.5°, the dark portion or spot defect caused due to a collision of thealignment directions of the first liquid crystal molecules LC1 and thesecond liquid crystal molecules LC2-1 and LC2-2 may be enhanced.

In an example, in the early state where no electric field is applied tothe curved liquid crystal display 500C, the second curved liquid crystalalignment layer AL2C may form at least two domains in which thealignment directions of the second liquid crystal molecules LC2-1 andLC2-2 are different from each other in each of a first region R1 and asecond region R2, and the first curved liquid crystal alignment layerAL1C may form one domain in which the alignment directions of the firstliquid crystal molecules LC1 are substantially the same in each of thefirst region R1 and the second region R2.

The first region R1 and the second region R2 refer to the left regionand the right region, respectively, about a virtual straight line C-C′which passes the apex of the first curved substrate 100C and the apex ofthe second curved substrate 200C. The apex is a certain point on acurve, e.g., the vertex of a parabola-shaped curved display, where theslope of a tangent at the point is substantially zero.

Referring to FIG. 3, 2-1th liquid crystal molecules LC2-1 may be alignedin a first tilt direction and 2-2th liquid crystal molecules LC2-2 maybe aligned in a second tilt direction on the second curved liquidcrystal alignment layer AL2C in the first region R1. The second curvedliquid crystal alignment layer AL2C may form at least two domains inwhich the alignment direction of the 2-1th liquid crystal moleculesLC2-1 and the alignment direction of the 2-2th liquid crystal moleculesLC2-2 are different from each other in the first region R1. The firsttilt direction may be in an approximately −α° direction with respect tothe virtual straight line C-C′ and the second tilt direction may be inan approximately +α° direction with respect to the virtual straight lineC-C′, where α is a positive real number.

The 2-1th liquid crystal molecules LC2-1 may be aligned in the firsttilt direction and the 2-2th liquid crystal molecules LC2-2 may bealigned in the second tilt direction on the second curved liquid crystalalignment layer AL2C in the second region R2. The second curved liquidcrystal alignment layer AL2C may form at least two domains in which thealignment direction of the 2-1th liquid crystal molecules LC2-1 and thealignment direction of the 2-2th liquid crystal molecules LC2-2 aredifferent from each other in the second region R2.

Unlike the second curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL2C, the firstcurved liquid crystal alignment layer AL1C may form one domain in whichthe first liquid crystal molecules LC1 are aligned in a third tiltdirection in the first region R1, and may form one domain in which thefirst liquid crystal molecules LC1 are aligned in a fourth tiltdirection in the second region R2. For example, the third tilt directionmay be in an approximately −β° direction about the virtual straight lineC-C′ and the fourth tilt direction may be in an approximately +β°direction about the virtual straight line C-C′, where β is a positivereal number.

As described above, a plurality of domains in which the alignmentdirections of the liquid crystal molecules are different from each otherare formed selectively only in the second curved liquid crystalalignment layer AL2C from among the first curved liquid crystalalignment layer AL1C and the second curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer AL2C in each of the first region R1 and the second region R2,thereby suppressing the occurrence of a spot defect or a dark portioncaused due to a collision of the alignment directions of the firstliquid crystal molecules LC1 and the second liquid crystal moleculesLC2-1 and LC2-2.

Surfaces of the first curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL1C and thesecond curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL2C will be described inmore detail with reference to FIG. 4 to FIG. 7. FIG. 4 is an image of asurface of the first curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL1C of FIG.3. FIG. 5 is an image of a surface of the second curved liquid crystalalignment layer AL2C of FIG. 3.

Referring to FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, the average number of the protrusionsprotruded from one side of the second curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer AL2C may be larger than the average number of the protrusionsprotruded from one side of the first curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer AL1C. The protrusions may result from a light polymerizationreaction of reactive mesogen in various sizes. Surface roughness valuesof the first and the second curved liquid crystal alignment layer may bedifferent depending on degree of formation of the protrusions. Theprotrusions on the second curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL2C aredenser than the protrusions on the first curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer AL1C. The one side of the first curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer AL1C is the side facing the second curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer AL2C. The one side of the second curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer AL2C is the side facing the first curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer AL1C. The protrusions are protruded from the one side of thesecond curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL2C. The protrusions maybe arranged in an island pattern in which at least two protrusions arespaced apart from each other with a predetermined distance therebetween.Since the second liquid crystal molecules LC2-1 and LC2-2 fix orstabilize a director in a relatively tilt-aligned state as compared withthe first liquid crystal molecules LC1, the protrusions of the secondcurved liquid crystal alignment layer AL2C may provide a relativelysmaller pre-tilt angle to the second liquid crystal molecules LC2-1 andLC2-2 than the pre-tilt angle provided by the protrusions of the firstcurved liquid crystal alignment layer AL1C to the first liquid crystalmolecules LC1.

FIG. 6 is an analytical graphical representation of an average value ofsurface roughness values of the first curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer AL1C of FIG. 3. FIG. 7 is an analytical graphical representationof an average value of surface roughness values of the second curvedliquid crystal alignment layer AL2C of FIG. 3.

Referring to FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, the average value of surface roughnessvalues of the first curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL1C isrelatively smaller than the average value of the second curved liquidcrystal alignment layer AL2C. Specifically, the average value of surfaceroughness values of the first curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL1Cis measured as 10.12 nm (A) and 12.15 nm (B), and the average value ofsurface roughness values of the second curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer AL2C is measured as 12.58 nm (C) and 12.38 nm (D). The averagevalue of surface roughness values is measured several times by varyingthe point of measurement and has a deviation according to themeasurement point, however, the average value of surface roughnessvalues of the first curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL1C isrelatively smaller than the average value of the second curved liquidcrystal alignment layer AL2C. It is expected from the measurement resultof the average value of surface roughness values that each of the firstcurved liquid crystal alignment layer AL1C and the second curved liquidcrystal alignment layer AL2C may have an average value of surfaceroughness values approximately less than 15 nm.

The first curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL1C may have arelatively lower content of polymerized reactive mesogen than that inthe second curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL2C. Furthermore, thefirst curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL1C may have a relativelylower content of polymerization initiator than that in the second curvedliquid crystal alignment layer AL2C.

For example, the first curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL1C may bea vertical alignment type liquid crystal alignment layer containingpolyimides in which an imide group (—CONHCO—) is contained in arepeating group of a main chain and at least one vertical aligner fromamong an alkyl group, a hydrocarbon derivative having a terminalreplaced with an alkyl group, a hydrocarbon derivative having a terminalreplaced with a cycloalkyl group and a hydrocarbon derivative having aterminal replaced with aromatic hydrocarbons is introduced to a sidechain. The first curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL1C differs fromthe second curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL2C in that thepolymerization initiator is not introduced to a side chain ofpolyimides.

The second curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL2C may have amulti-layer structure including a 2-1th curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer AL2-1C and a 2-2th curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL2-2C.The 2-2th curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL2-2C may includeprotrusions protruded from a surface of the 2-1th curved liquid crystalalignment layer AL2-1C, and the protrusions may be arranged in an islandpattern in which at least two protrusions are spaced apart from eachother with a predetermined distance therebetween.

For example, the 2-1th curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL2-1C maybe a vertical alignment type liquid crystal alignment layer containingpolyimides in which an imide group (—CONHCO—) is contained in arepeating group of a main chain and the vertical aligner and apolymerization initiator are introduced to a side chain. The 2-2thcurved liquid crystal alignment layer AL2-2C may be a polymer ofreactive mesogens.

The 2-1th curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL2-1C may have agreater content of imide group than that in the 2-2th curved liquidcrystal alignment layer AL2-2C, and the 2-2th curved liquid crystalalignment layer AL2-2C may have a greater content of polymerizedreactive mesogen than that in the 2-1th curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer AL2-1C.

For example, the polymerization initiator may be one or more ofacetophenone, benzoin, benzophenone, diethoxy acetophenone, phenyletone,thioxanthone, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropane-1-on, benzyl dimethyltar, 4-(2-hydroxy ethoxy)phenyl-(2-hydroxy)-2-propyl ketone,1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, o-benzoyl methyl benzoate, 4-phenybenzophenone, 4-benzoyl-4′-methyl-diphenyl sulfide, (4-benzoylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride, bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphine oxide, diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide,2-hydroxy methyl propion nitrile,2,2′-{azobis(2-methyl-N-[1,1′-bis(hydroxy methyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)propionamide], acrylic acid [(2-methoxy-2-phenyl-2-benzoyl)-ethyl] ester,phenyl 2-acryloyloxy-2-propyl ketone, phenyl 2-methacryloyloxy-2-propylketone, 4-isopropylphenyl 2-acryloyloxy-2-propyl ketone, 4-chloropheynyl2-acryloyloxy-2-propyl ketone, 4-dodecylphenyl 2-acryloyloxy-2-propylketone, 4-methoxyphenyl 2-acryloyloxy-2-propyl ketone,4-acryloyloxyphenyl 2-hydroxy-2-propyl ketone, 4-methacryloyloxyphenyl2-hydroxy-2-propyl ketone, 4-(2-acryloyloxyethoxy)-phenyl2-hydroxy-2-propyl ketone, 4-(2-acryloyloxydiethoxy)-phenyl2-hydroxy-2-propyl ketone, 4-(2-acryloyloxyethoxy)-benzoin,4-(2-acryloyloxyethoxyethylthio)-phenyl 2-hydroxy-2-propyl ketone,4-N,N′-bis-(2-acryloyloxyethyl)-aminophenyl 2-hydroxy-2-propyl ketone,4-acryloyloxyphenyl 2-acryloyloxy-2-propyl ketone,4-methacryloyloxyphenyl 2-methacryloyloxy-2-propyl ketone,4-(2-acryloyloxyethoxy)-phenyl 2-acryloyloxy-2-propyl ketone,4-(2-acryloyloxydiethoxy)-phenyl 2-acryloyloxy-2-propyl ketone, dibenzylketone, benzoin alkyl ether, benzoin methyl ether, benzoin ethyl ether,benzoin isopropyl ether, benzoin isobutyl ether, dialkyl acetophenone,hydroxyl alkylketone, phenyl glyoxylate, benzyl dimethyl ketal, acylphosphine and a-aminoketone. However, aspects of the present disclosureare not limited thereto.

Although not shown in the drawings, the 2-1th curved liquid crystalalignment layer AL2-1C may have a multi-layer structure including afirst polyimide alignment layer (not shown) and a second polyimidealignment layer (not shown) in which a greater content of polymerizationinitiator is introduced to a side chain than that in the first polyimidealignment layer.

For example, the first polyimide alignment layer (not shown) may be avertical alignment type liquid crystal alignment layer containingpolyimides in which the vertical aligner is introduced to a side chain,and the second polyimide alignment layer (not shown) may be a verticalalignment type liquid crystal alignment layer containing polyimides inwhich both the vertical aligner and the polymerization initiator areintroduced to a side chain. The first polyimide alignment layer (notshown) differs from the second polyimide alignment layer (not shown) inthat the polymerization initiator is not introduced to a side chain ofpolyimides.

At least one of the first curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL1C andthe second curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL2C may contain an ionscavenger. The ion scavenger may include a cation scavenger or an anionscavenger.

Since liquid crystal molecules may be easily degraded by a directcurrent voltage and may have dielectric anisotropy in which a dielectricconstant of liquid crystal molecules changes according to an alignmentdirection of the liquid crystal molecules, an alternating currentvoltage is generally used to drive a liquid crystal display. A chargecorresponding to the video signal voltage applied to a source electrodeof a thin film transistor is accumulated in a liquid crystal layer and astorage capacitor from the time when a gate pulse voltage is applied.The accumulated charge may need to be sustained until the next frame;however, a certain amount of the accumulated charge may be discharged bya parasitic capacitor generated by an overlap of a gate electrode and asource electrode.

The direct current voltage is offset by the discharged voltage (akickback voltage and a level shift voltage) and applied to the liquidcrystal layer. When the direct current voltage is applied to the liquidcrystal layer, impurities in the liquid crystal layer are ionized, and,thus, generated ion impurities are stacked on a liquid crystal alignmentlayer. The ion impurities may degrade a voltage holding ratio (VHR) andcause an afterimage.

The ion scavenger may scavenge ion impurities in the liquid crystallayer 300C, thereby improving the voltage holding ratio of the curvedliquid crystal display 500C. The ion scavenger is not specificallylimited, however, the ion scavenger may be, for example, one or more ofa carbonyl compound such as alkyl amine, aryl amine, heterocyclic amine,aniline, p-toluidine, p-anisidine, pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, indole,pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, quinoline, thiazole, piperidine,pyrrolidine, furan, thiophene, aldeyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, acidhalide, ester and amide.

Although not specifically limited, in one exemplary embodiment, thesecond curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL2C may have a greatercontent of ion scavenger than that in the first curved liquid crystalalignment layer AL1C. In some exemplary embodiments, an ion scavengermay not be included in the first curved liquid crystal alignment layerAL1C.

A method of fabricating the curved liquid crystal display 500C accordingto an exemplary embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. 8through FIG. 13. FIG. 8 through FIG. 13 are cross-sectional viewsschematically illustrating a method of fabricating the curved liquidcrystal display according to an exemplary embodiment.

Referring to FIG. 8, a first flat substrate 100 faces a second flatsubstrate 200 with a predetermined cell gap maintained therebetween.

A common electrode 110 may be disposed on the first flat substrate 100,and a first flat liquid crystal alignment layer AL1 may be disposed onthe common electrode 110. The common electrode 110 may include, or maybe made of, indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium oxide, zincoxide, tin oxide, gallium oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum, silver,platinum, chrome, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, zinc, magnesium, analloy thereof or a stacked layer thereof. As described above, the commonelectrode 110 may be a patternless electrode having no slit pattern.

The first flat liquid crystal alignment layer AL1 may be formed, forexample, through a process of applying first vertical alignment typepolyimides in which a vertical aligner is introduced to a side chain,onto the common electrode 110 and drying the applied polyimides. In thiscase, the first vertical alignment type polyimides may contain an imidegroup (—CONHCO—) in a repeating unit of a main chain and may have only avertical aligner in a side chain. However, in some exemplaryembodiments, the first vertical alignment type polyimides may contain anion scavenger introduced to a side chain thereof. The vertical aligneris described above, and, therefore, detailed description thereof will beomitted.

For example, the first vertical alignment type polyimides may containthe polymer compound expressed by the following chemical formula (1).However, aspects of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. Inthe following chemical formula (1), each of a, b and c is a naturalnumber.

A pixel electrode 291 may be disposed on the second flat substrate 200,and a 2-1th flat liquid crystal alignment layer AL2-1 may be disposed onthe pixel electrode 291. The pixel electrode 291 may include, or may bemade of, indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide,tin oxide, gallium oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum, silver, platinum,chrome, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, zinc, magnesium, an alloy thereofor a stacked layer thereof. As described above, the pixel electrode 291may be a patterned electrode having a slit pattern, and a part of thesecond flat substrate 200 may be exposed through the slit pattern of thepixel electrode 291.

The 2-1th flat liquid crystal alignment layer AL2-1 may be formed, forexample, through a process of applying second vertical alignment typepolyimides in which a side chain has a vertical aligner and apolymerization initiator, onto the pixel electrode 291 and drying theapplied polyimides. Unlike the first vertical alignment type polyimides,the second vertical alignment type polyimides may contain apolymerization initiator. In some exemplary embodiments, the secondvertical alignment type polyimides may contain an ion scavenger. Thevertical aligner and the polymerization initiator are described above,and, therefore, detailed description thereof will be omitted.

The 2-1th flat liquid crystal alignment layer AL2-1 may have amulti-layer structure including a first polyimide alignment layer (notshown) and a second polyimide alignment layer (not shown) having agreater content of the polymerization initiator than that in the firstpolyimide alignment layer (not shown). The first polyimide alignmentlayer (not shown) may be interposed between the pixel electrode 291 andthe second polyimide alignment layer (not shown).

For example, the first polyimide alignment layer (not shown) may containthe polymer compound expressed by the following chemical formula (2).However, aspects of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. Thesecond polyimide alignment layer (not shown) may contain the polymercompound expressed by the following chemical formula (3). However, isaspects of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. In thefollowing chemical formulas (2) and (3), each of a, b and c is a naturalnumber.

When the polymerization initiator absorbs ultraviolet (UV) light, it maybe easily decomposed into a radical and promote a light polymerizationreaction of reactive mesogen (RM). For example, when the polymerizationinitiator absorbs long-wavelength UV light having a wavelength fromapproximately 300 nm to 400 nm, it may be decomposed into a radical andpromote a light polymerization reaction of reactive mesogen.

Referring to FIG. 9, a liquid crystal layer 300 is interposed betweenthe first flat substrate 100 and the second flat substrate 200 facingeach other. The liquid crystal layer 300 may be formed through a processof injecting or dispensing, between the first flat substrate 100 and thesecond flat substrate 200, a liquid crystal composition which containsboth liquid crystal molecules LC1 and LC2 and reactive mesogen (RM).

Each of the liquid crystal molecules LC1 and LC2 may have negativedielectric anisotropy, but it is not limited thereto. The liquid crystalmolecules LC1 and LC2 may be substantially vertically aligned withrespect to the first flat substrate 100 and the second flat substrate200 in an early state where no electric field is applied to a flat panelliquid crystal display 500. More specifically, each aforementionedvertical aligner in the first flat liquid crystal alignment layer AL1and the 2-1th flat liquid crystal alignment layer AL2-1 maysubstantially vertically align the liquid crystal molecules LC1 and LC2with respect to the first flat substrate 100 and the second flatsubstrate 200 in an early state where no electric field is applied tothe flat panel liquid crystal display 500. If the liquid crystalmolecules LC1 and LC2 are aligned within the range of 88° to less than90° with respect to the first flat substrate 100 and the second flatsubstrate 200, the liquid crystal molecules LC1 and LC2 aresubstantially vertically aligned with respect to the first flatsubstrate 100 and the second flat substrate 200. Reactive mesogen can beuniformly dispersed in an early state where no electric field is appliedto the flat panel liquid crystal display 500.

Referring to FIG. 10, the liquid crystal molecules LC1-1, LC1-2, LC2-1,and LC2-2 may be tilt-aligned in the direction vertical to the electricfield formed between the common electrode 110 and the pixel electrode291 when an electric field is applied to the flat panel liquid crystaldisplay 500. A 1-1th liquid crystal molecule LC1-1 and a 2-1th liquidcrystal molecule LC2-1 may be aligned in a first tilt direction, and a1-2th liquid crystal molecule LC1-2 and a 2-2th liquid crystal moleculeLC2-2 may be aligned in a second tilt direction. Then, when ultraviolet(UV) light is applied to the flat panel liquid crystal display 500, thepolymerization initiator contained in the 2-1th flat liquid crystalalignment layer AL2-1 initiates a light polymerization reaction ofreactive mesogen (RM), thereby forming a 2-2th flat liquid crystalalignment layer AL2-2.

Referring to FIG. 11, reactive mesogen (RM) may shift to the 2-1th flatliquid crystal alignment layer AL2-1 to form the 2-2th flat liquidcrystal alignment layer AL2-2. The 2-2th flat liquid crystal alignmentlayer AL2-2 may be a polymer of reactive mesogen. The 2-2th flat liquidcrystal alignment layer AL2-2 may be formed on the 2-1th flat liquidcrystal alignment layer AL2-1. As the 2-2th flat liquid crystalalignment layer AL2-2 is formed, a content of reactive mesogen (RM) inthe liquid crystal layer 300 gradually decreases. The decreased amountin the reactive mesogen (RM) may be understood as being used in formingthe 2-2th flat liquid crystal alignment layer AL2-2.

The 2-2th flat liquid crystal alignment layer AL2-2 may fix or stabilizethe alignment direction of the 2-1th liquid crystal molecule LC2-1 andthe 2-2th liquid crystal molecule LC2-2. Further, the 2-2th flat liquidcrystal alignment layer AL2-2 may reduce the alignment direction changeof the 2-1th liquid crystal molecule LC2-1 and the 2-2th liquid crystalmolecule LC2-2 when an electric field applied to the liquid crystallayer 300 is changed. Thus, the 2-1th liquid crystal molecule LC2-1 andthe 2-2th liquid crystal molecule LC2-2 which are aligned on a surfaceof the 2-2th flat liquid crystal alignment layer AL2-2 may memorize thealignment direction and maintain the second pre-tilt angle θ₂ even whenthe electric field applied to the flat panel liquid crystal display 500is removed. If the electric field applied to the flat panel liquidcrystal display 500 is removed, the first liquid crystal molecules LC1may be substantially vertically realigned like in the early state whereno electric field is applied to the flat panel liquid crystal display500. In this case, the first pre-tilt angle Φ₁ of the first liquidcrystal molecules LC1 is larger than the second pre-tilt angle θ₂ of the2-1th and 2-2th liquid crystal molecules LC2-1 and LC2-2. The 2-2th flatliquid crystal alignment layer AL2-2 may include a stabilizer, e.g.,reactive mesogens polymerized by polymerization initiator, such as thephoto initiator, to fix, stabilize, or reduce a change of an alignmentdirection of an alignment direction of a liquid crystal molecule, e.g.,the 2-1th liquid crystal molecule LC2-1 and the 2-2th liquid crystalmolecule LC2-2, located within a distance from the 2-2th flat liquidcrystal alignment layer AL2-2 of the second curved liquid crystalalignment layer when an electric field applied to the liquid crystallayer 300 changes.

Referring to FIG. 12 and FIG. 13, fluorescent UV light is applied to theflat panel liquid crystal display 500 at the state where no electricfield is applied to the flat panel liquid crystal display 500, tothereby remove residual reactive mesogen (RM). Then, a bending process(B) for bending both ends of the flat panel liquid crystal display 500is performed to fabricate the curved liquid crystal display (500C inFIG. 3).

Referring to FIG. 3, when an electric field applied to the liquidcrystal layer 300C is changed, a change of the alignment direction of aliquid crystal molecule, e.g., the second liquid crystal molecules LC2-1and LC2-2, located within a distance from the second curved liquidcrystal alignment layer AL2C is less than a change of an alignmentdirection of a liquid crystal molecule, e.g., the first liquid crystalmolecules LC1, located farther than the distance from the second curvedliquid crystal alignment layer AL2C.

The 2-2th curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL2-2C may include atleast one of a polymer of a reactive mesogen monomer and a polymerizedreactive mesogen. The 2-2th curved liquid crystal alignment layer mayinclude reactive mesogen stabilized by a polymerization initiator tostabilize the alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecule, e.g.,the second liquid crystal molecules LC2-1 and LC2-2, located within thedistance from the second curved liquid crystal alignment layer AL2C.Referring to FIG. 3 and FIG. 13, when an electric field is not appliedto the liquid crystal layer 300C, a pre-tilt angle of the liquid crystalmolecule, e.g., the second liquid crystal molecules LC2-1 and LC2-2,located within the distance from the second curved liquid crystalalignment layer AL2C is less than 88°. However, a pre-tilt angle of theliquid crystal molecule, e.g., the first liquid crystal molecules LC1,located farther than the distance from the second curved liquid crystalalignment layer AL2C is substantially vertically aligned.

FIG. 14 is an image showing the distribution of light transmittance ofthe curved liquid crystal display. FIG. 15 is an image showing thedistribution of light transmittance of a curved liquid crystal displayaccording to a first comparative example.

The curved liquid crystal display 500C is fabricated by forming thefirst flat liquid crystal alignment layer AL1 on the common electrode110 using the first vertical alignment type polyimides and forming the2-1th flat liquid crystal alignment layer AL2-1 on the pixel electrode291 using the second vertical alignment type polyimides according toe.g., the fabrication process illustrated in FIG. 8, and injecting theliquid crystal composition which contains both the reactive mesogen (RM)and liquid crystal molecules LC so as to thereby fabricate the flatpanel liquid crystal display 500, and performing the electric fieldapplying process and the bending process according to the fabricationprocess illustrated in FIG. 9 to FIG. 13.

The curved liquid crystal display according to the first comparativeexample is fabricated by forming both the first flat liquid crystalalignment layer AL1 and the 2-1th flat liquid crystal alignment layerAL2-1 using the second vertical alignment type polyimides, which issimilar to the fabrication process illustrated in FIG. 8, and injectingthe liquid crystal composition which contains both the reactive mesogen(RM) and liquid crystal molecules LC so as to thereby fabricate a flatpanel liquid crystal display, and performing the electric field applyingprocess and the bending process (B), which is similar to the fabricationprocess illustrated in FIG. 9 to FIG. 13.

Referring to FIG. 14 and FIG. 15, unlike the curved liquid crystaldisplay 500C shown in FIG. 14, a texture generated by a collisionbetween the alignment direction of the first liquid crystal moleculesand the alignment direction of the second liquid crystal molecules isseen as a dark portion (marked as a dotted line in FIG. 15) in thecurved liquid crystal display according to the first comparativeexample.

FIG. 16 is an image showing a surface of the first curved liquid crystalalignment layer of the curved liquid crystal display according to thefirst comparative example, and FIG. 17 is an image showing a surface ofthe second curved liquid crystal alignment layer of the curved liquidcrystal display according to the first comparative example. Referring toFIG. 16 and FIG. 17, the number of protrusions per unit area in thefirst curved liquid crystal alignment layer and the second curved liquidcrystal alignment layer are substantially the same. Unlike thestructures shown in FIG. 16 and FIG. 17, referring to FIG. 4 and FIG. 5,the average number of protrusions per unit area in the second curvedliquid crystal alignment layer AL2C is relatively larger than theaverage number of protrusions per unit area in the first curved liquidcrystal alignment layer AL1C in the configuration of the curved liquidcrystal display 500C.

FIG. 18 is an image showing the distribution of light transmittance of acurved liquid crystal display according to a second comparative example.The curved liquid crystal display according to the second comparativeexample is fabricated by forming both the first flat liquid crystalalignment layer AL1 and the 2-1th flat liquid crystal alignment layerAL2-1 using the first vertical alignment type polyimides, which issimilar to the fabrication process illustrated in FIG. 8, and injectingthe liquid crystal composition which contains both the reactive mesogen(RM) and liquid crystal molecules LC so as to thereby fabricate a flatpanel liquid crystal display, and performing the electric field applyingprocess and the bending process (B), which is similar to the fabricationprocess illustrated in FIG. 9 to FIG. 13.

Referring to FIG. 18, a texture generated by a collision between thealignment direction of the first liquid crystal molecules and thealignment direction of the second liquid crystal molecules is seen as adark portion (marked as a dotted line) in the curved liquid crystaldisplay according to the second comparative example.

FIG. 19 illustrates the voltage holding ratio (VHR) measured by thecurved liquid crystal display of FIG. 3. FIG. 20 illustrates the voltageholding ratio (VHR) measured by a curved liquid crystal displayaccording to a third comparative example. Referring to FIG. 19 and FIG.20, A denotes the voltage holding ratio before exposure to UV light, Bdenotes the voltage holding ratio after exposure to UV light, and Cdenotes the voltage holding ratio after exposure to fluorescent UVlight.

Referring to FIG. 19 and FIG. 20, the voltage holding ratio in thecurved liquid crystal display 500C which contains an ion scavenger isimproved as compared with the voltage holding ratio in the curved liquidcrystal display of the third comparative example which contains no ionscavenger.

The curved liquid crystal display 500C according to an exemplaryembodiment is fabricated by forming the first flat liquid crystalalignment layer AL1 on the common electrode 110 using the first verticalalignment type polyimides and forming the 2-1th flat liquid crystalalignment layer AL2-1 on the pixel electrode 291 using the secondvertical alignment type polyimides in which pyridine serving as an ionscavenger is introduced to a side chain according to the fabricationprocess illustrated in FIG. 8, and injecting the liquid crystalcomposition which contains both the reactive mesogen (RM) and liquidcrystal molecules LC so as to thereby fabricate the flat panel liquidcrystal display 500C, and performing the electric field applying processand the bending process according to the fabrication process illustratedin FIG. 9 to FIG. 13.

The curved liquid crystal display according to the third comparativeexample is fabricated by the following processes. Both the first flatliquid crystal alignment layer AL1 and the 2-1th flat liquid crystalalignment layer AL2-1 are formed using the first vertical alignment typepolyimides using a process similar to the fabrication processillustrated in FIG. 8. In this case, an ion scavenger is not introducedto a side chain of the first vertical alignment type polyimides. Then,the liquid crystal composition which contains both the reactive mesogen(RM) and liquid crystal molecules LC is injected so as to therebyfabricate a flat panel liquid crystal display, and the electric fieldapplying process and the bending process (B) are performed a processsimilar to the fabrication process illustrated in FIG. 9 to FIG. 13, tothereby fabricate the curved liquid crystal display according to thethird comparative example.

Tables 1 and 2 show the result of the measurement of the voltage holdingratio of the curved liquid crystal display 500C according to anexemplary embodiment and the curved liquid crystal display according tothe third comparative example.

TABLE 1 Exemplary embodiment (preferred) After Before After exposure toexposure to exposure to fluorescent UV Unit: % light (A) light (B) light(C) Minimum value 98.9 99.0 97.4 Maximum value 99.2 99.1 97.8 Averagevalue 99.0 99.1 97.6 Standard deviation 0.11 0.04 0.14 Number of samples(S/S) 8 8 8

TABLE 2 Third comparative example After Before After exposure toexposure to exposure to fluorescent UV Unit: % light (A) light (B) light(C) Minimum value 92.4 94.4 88.2 Maximum value 93.5 95.1 88.8 Averagevalue 92.9 94.9 88.5 Standard deviation 0.39 0.22 0.25 Number of samples(S/S) 8 8 8

Although certain exemplary embodiments and implementations have beendescribed herein, other embodiments and modifications will be apparentfrom this description. Accordingly, the inventive concept is not limitedto such embodiments, but rather to the broader scope of the presentedclaims and various obvious modifications and equivalent arrangements.

What is claimed is:
 1. A curved liquid crystal display comprising: afirst curved substrate; a second curved substrate; a liquid crystallayer comprising liquid crystal molecules having negative dielectricanisotropy, the liquid crystal layer being interposed between the firstcurved substrate and the second curved substrate; a first curved liquidcrystal alignment layer interposed between the liquid crystal layer andthe first curved substrate; and a second curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer which has an average value of surface roughness values greaterthan an average value of surface roughness values of the first curvedliquid crystal alignment layer, the second curved liquid crystalalignment layer being interposed between the liquid crystal layer andthe second curved substrate, wherein each of the first and second curvedliquid crystal alignment layers comprises protrusions resulting from alight polymerization reaction of reactive mesogens in various sizes suchthat an average number of the protrusions protruded from one side of thesecond curved liquid crystal alignment layer is greater than an averagenumber of the protrusions protruded from one side of the first curvedliquid crystal alignment layer.
 2. The curved liquid crystal display ofclaim 1, further comprising: a patternless electrode interposed betweenthe first curved substrate and the first curved liquid crystal alignmentlayer; and a patterned electrode interposed between the second curvedliquid crystal alignment layer and the second curved substrate, thepatterned electrode comprising a slit pattern.
 3. The curved liquidcrystal display of claim 1, wherein a number of the polymerized reactivemesogens in the second curved liquid crystal alignment layer is greaterthan a number of the polymerized reactive mesogens in the first curvedliquid crystal alignment layer.
 4. The curved liquid crystal display ofclaim 1, wherein the liquid crystal molecules having negative dielectricanisotropy comprise a first liquid crystal molecule and a second liquidcrystal molecule having a pre-tilt angle smaller than a pre-tilt angleof the first liquid crystal molecule.
 5. The curved liquid crystaldisplay of claim 1, wherein a difference (mθ₁-mθ₂) between an averagevalue (mθ₁,) of the pre-tilt angle (θ₁) of the first liquid crystalmolecule and an average value (mθ₂) of the pre-tilt angle (θ₂) of thesecond liquid crystal molecule ranges from 0.5° to 1.5°.